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Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last piece is now almost all blank, but a few of the walls are still showing highly.

How deep are these pieces? Unfortunately, the software I have access to makes estimating the depth a little difficult. If, however, the top three pieces represent the ploughsoil, which is most likely about 30cm think, I would guess that each piece is about 10cm and we are only getting down about 80cm in total.

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Fortunately for us, the majority of the websites we are interested in lie just below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other techniques? Comparison of the Earth Resistance information (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time slice (top right) and the 1921ns time piece (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as gone over above, is a passive method determining regional variations in magnetism against a localised no worth. Magnetic vulnerability survey is an active strategy: it is a step of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the presence of a magnetic field. Just how much soil is tested depends upon the size of the test coil: it can be really small or it can be fairly large.

The sensing unit in this case is really little and samples a tiny sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a big "field coil" in use at Verulamium throughout the course in 2013. Top soil will be magnetically enhanced compared to subsoils just due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic vulnerability at a fairly coarse scale, we can identify areas of human profession and middens. We do not have access to a reputable mag sus meter, but Jarrod Burks (who helped teach at the course in 2013) has some exceptional examples. One of which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These villages are often set out around a main open location or plaza, such as this rebuilt example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (image: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat website, the magnetometer survey had located a range of functions and homes. The magnetic susceptibility survey helped, however, define the primary location of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility study results from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The method is therefore of terrific use in specifying areas of general occupation rather than identifying specific features.

Geophysical surveying is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic physical methods at the Earth's surface to measure the physical homes of the subsurface - Geophysical Surveys: Definition & Methods in Peppermint Grove Western Australia 2021. Geophysical surveying methods typically determine these geophysical residential or commercial properties along with anomalies in order to evaluate various subsurface conditions such as the presence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, spaces and cavities, and far more.